RULING RE: PLAINTIFFS' MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT (Doc. No. 85) AND DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT (Doc. No. 87)

JANET C. HALL, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

In this diversity action, plaintiffs Russell D. Ide ("Ide") and RIDE, Inc. ("RIDE"), in their Third Amended Complaint ("TAC") (Doc. No. 35), allege seven claims arising out of a 1994 agreement and an alleged joint venture with the defendants, APS Technology, Inc. ("APS") and William E. Turner ("Turner"). The plaintiffs set forth claims of breach of written contract, breach of oral contract, breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary duty, accounting, unjust enrichment, and CUTPA. TAC at 10-18. Defendants filed the same seven claims as counterclaims against plaintiffs in their answer to the plaintiffs' Third Amended Complaint. Answer (Doc. No. 38) at 13-19.

The plaintiffs have moved for summary judgment on all of the defendants' cross-claims. Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment ("Pls.' Mot. Summ. J.") (Doc. No. 85). Defendants do not object to the plaintiffs' Motion, thus abandoning all of their counterclaims.1 Defendants' Response Memorandum to Plaintiffs['] Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Doc. No. 110) at 2. Therefore, the plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is GRANTED. The defendants move for summary judgment on all of plaintiffs' claims. For reasons set forth below, the court GRANTS the defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on All Counts ("Defs.' Mot. Summ. J.") (Doc. No. 87).

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A motion for summary judgment may be granted only when there are no issues of material fact in dispute and the moving party is therefore entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed.R.Civ.P. Rule 56(a); In re Dana Corp., 574 F.3d 129, 151 (2d Cir.2009). The moving party may satisfy his burden "by showing — that is pointing out to the district court — that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case." PepsiCo, Inc. v. Coca-Cola Co., 315 F.3d 101, 105 (2d Cir. 2002) (per curiam) (quotation marks and citations omitted). Once the moving party meets this burden, the nonmoving party must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Wright v. Goord, 554 F.3d 255, 266 (2d Cir.2009). The non-moving party must present evidence that would allow a reasonable jury to find in its favor in order to defeat the motion for summary judgment. Graham v. Long Island R.R., 230 F.3d 34, 38 (2d Cir.2000).

When reviewing the record, the court resolves all ambiguities and draws all permissible factual inferences in favor of the party against whom summary judgment is sought. Loeffler v. Staten Island Univ. Hosp., 582 F.3d 268, 274 (2d Cir.2009). If there is any evidence in the record on a material issue from which a reasonable inference could be drawn in favor of the nonmoving party, summary judgment is inappropriate. Security Ins. Co. of Hartford v. Old Dominion Freight Line Inc., 391 F.3d 77, 83 (2d Cir.2004). However, the existence of a mere "scintilla" of evidence supporting the plaintiff's position is insufficient to defeat a motion for summary judgment. Havey v. Homebound Mortgage, Inc., 547 F.3d 158, 163 (2d Cir. 2008).

III. STATEMENT OF FACTS2

A. The 1994 Agreement

A two-page letter agreement (the "1994 Agreement") was executed on May 27, 1994, by Turner, on behalf of APS, and on June 3, 1994, by Ide, on behalf of RIDE. Defendants' Local Rule 56(a)1 Statement ("Defs.' L.R. 56(a)1 Stmt.") (Doc. No. 93-13) at ¶ 1; Plaintiffs' Local Rule 56(a)2 Statement ("Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt.") (Doc. No. 97-14) at ¶ 1. The 1994 Agreement purports to "set forth [the parties'] understanding and agreement as to the development of [their] mutual business interest in developing technical products for the oilfield and other industries." Defs.' Ex. A at 1. The 1994 Agreement further specifies that: "[t]he products agreed upon are flexible couplings, sealed bearings, flow restrictors, and deflection pad silicon carbide bearings including any product covered by patents 5,048,981; 5,135,060; 5,007,490; 5,048,622; 5,077,491; and other patents such as the threaded, rubber injected flex coupling and the spiral groove flow restrictor."5 Defs.' Ex. A at ¶ 1.

The 1994 Agreement set forth two phases: Phase One, which was to continue for one year or until $250,000 annualized sales was reached; and Phase Two, which would commence after Phase One was complete. Defs.' L.R. 56(a)1 Stmt. at ¶ 3; Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § I, ¶ 3; Defs.' Ex. A at ¶ 3. The 1994 Agreement provided that:

Defs.' Ex. A at ¶ 5. The 1994 Agreement noted that, "[d]uring Phase Two a joint venture will be established to design, manufacture, market, and distribute the above products. The joint venture will be owned 50% by RIDE and 50% by APS Technology." Id. at ¶ 6. The Agreement's termination clause stated that, "[e]ither party may terminate this agreement if, after 12 months no prototypes are developed, or if after 2 years no sales are generated." Id. at ¶ 7.

From 1996 through 2009, RIDE and APS shared certain, but not all, costs and proceeds from the sales of the Baker Hughes INTEQ suspension/isolator (heretofore referred to by the court as the "RIDE Product") on a 50/50 basis. See Rule 26(f) Statement of Undisputed Facts ("R. 26(f) Stmt. Undisp. Facts") (Doc. No. 29) at § IV, ¶ 8. In or about 2009, sales of the RIDE Product ended. R. 26(f) Stmt. Undisp. Facts at § IV. ¶ 11.

B. The 1997 Letter

On August 16, 1997, Ide wrote Turner a two-page letter that stated, in part:

Defs.' Ex. I at 1-2; see also Defs.' L.R. 56(a)1 Stmt. at ¶¶ 12-13; Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § I, ¶¶ 12-13.

C. The '541 Patent

In 1996, Turner and Ide agreed to apply for a patent disclosing a tapered isolator for drill strings (the "'541 patent"). R. 26(f) Stmt. Undisp. Facts at § IV, ¶ 12; Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § I, ¶ 22. On December 28, 1996, Ide signed a statement for the '541 application which stated: "I have reviewed and understand the contents of the above identified specification, including the claims, as amended by any amendment referred to above." Defs.' Ex. DD at 3; Defs.' L.R. 56(a)1 Stmt. at ¶ 30; Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § I, ¶ 30. Ide appointed Michael D. Bednarek to prosecute this application. Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § I, ¶ 32; see also Defs.' Ex. DD at 3.

The '541 patent issued on November 10, 1998. Defs.' Ex. EE at 1. Mr. Bednarek, Ide's patent lawyer of many years, received notice that the patent had issued, as evidenced by a letter sent from Mr. Bednarek to Turner on December 3, 1998. Defs.' L.R. 56(a)1 Stmt. at ¶ 33; Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § I, ¶ 33; Defs.' Ex. EE at 1. On June 26, 2006, Bednarek emailed Ide and attached a report listing the status of patents in Ide's name and that the attached report included a list of 70 patents, one of which was the '541 patent. Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § I, ¶ 34; see also Defs.' Ex. FF. at 3-4. The same report sent to Ide also contained information on reassignment of the '541 patent, which indicated that William Turner assigned the '541 patent (1) to Liberty Bank in Middletown, Connecticut on June 1, 1998, for a "Mortgage, Assignment and Security Agreement," and (2) to the Connecticut Development Authority in Rocky Hill, Connecticut on May 19, 2000, for a "Mortgage and Security Agreement." See Defs.' Ex. FF at 4.

IV. DISCUSSION6

A. Breach of Written and Oral Contract Claims

In their Third Amended Complaint, plaintiffs allege that they performed their obligations, TAC at ¶¶ 90, 96, but the defendants breached the 1994 Agreement or, alternatively, the parties' oral agreement, "by failing to share with RIDE the gross profits (1) made on sales of the APS Product and Isolation Sub and (2) attributable to the inclusion in other APS products of suspensions and/or isolators that contain a metal/rubber helix." Id. at ¶ 91; see also id. at ¶ 97.7 For the breach of oral contract claim, the plaintiffs claim that, "[e]ven aside from the 1994 Agreement, the existence of a joint venture agreement is evidenced by many documents exchanged between the parties as well as a course of dealing lasting more than a decade, during which the parties shared gross profits earned on the RIDE Product equally." Id. at ¶ 94. Plaintiffs argue that the parties' splitting of gross profits on sales of the RIDE Product strongly supports the inference that:

1. Applicable Law

a. Formation and Breach of Contract

"[A]n agreement must be definite and certain as to its terms and requirements.... So long as any essential matters are left open for further consideration, the contract is not complete." L & R Realty v. Conn. Nat'l Bank, 53 Conn.App. 524, 535, 732 A.2d 181 (1999) (quotations marks and citations omitted). While all the terms of a contract do not need to be present, all the essential terms must have been agreed on. Aruba Hotel Enters. N.V. v. Belfonti, 611 F.Supp.2d 203, 209 (D.Conn.2009) (citing Glazer v. Dress Barn, Inc., 274 Conn. 33, 53, 873 A.2d 929 (2005)). "[A]n agreement to agree does not give rise to a contractual relationship." Realty Res. Chartered v. The HB Nitkin Grp., No. 3:08CV586, 2009 WL 2243695, at *7 (D.Conn. July 24, 2009) (citations omitted).

To modify an agreement, "there must be mutual assent to the meaning and conditions of the modification and the parties must assent to the same thing in the same sense if they are to vary the contract in any way." Lar-Rob Bus Corp. v. Town of Fairfield, 170 Conn. 397, 402, 365 A.2d 1086 (1976) (quotes and citations omitted); see also First Hartford Realty Corp. v. Ellis, 181 Conn. 25, 33, 434 A.2d 314 (1980). "An existing contract may be modified or abrogated by a new contract arising by implication from the conduct of the parties." Malone v. Santora, 135 Conn. 286, 292, 64 A.2d 51 (1949) (citation omitted).

To show a breach of contract under Connecticut law, RIDE must establish the following: (1) the parties formed an agreement, (2) RIDE performed on the agreement, (3) APS breached the agreement, and (4) APS's breach was the direct and proximate cause of RIDE's (5) damages. See McCann Real Equities Series XXII, LLC v. David McDermott Chevrolet, Inc., 93 Conn.App. 486, 503-04, 890 A.2d 140 (2006).

b. Formation of a Joint Venture

"A joint venture is a special combination of two or more persons who combine their property, money, effects, skill, and knowledge to seek a profit jointly in a single business enterprise without any actual partnership or corporate designation." Elec. Assocs., Inc. v. Automatic Equip. Dev. Corp., 185 Conn. 31, 35, 440 A.2d 249 (1981). Under Connecticut law, there are five elements that constitute a joint venture, namely:

Censor v. ASC Techs. of Conn., LLC, 900 F.Supp.2d 181, 201 (D.Conn.2012); see also Schlierf v. Abercrombie & Kent, Inc., No. X02CV055003467, 2011 WL 2418571, at *6 (2011) ("A joint venture requires five elements.") (quotation marks and citation omitted).

While a joint venture need not be a separate legal entity with a separate legal existence, Inv. Assocs. v. Summit Assocs., Inc., 309 Conn. 840, 860 n. 12, 74 A.3d 1192 (2013), "[t]he relationship between contracting parties cannot amount to a joint venture unless the parties so intend." Elec. Assoc., 185 Conn. at 35, 440 A.2d 249; see also Doe v. Yale Univ., 252 Conn. 641, 672-73, 748 A.2d 834 (2000). Joint ventures are formed for a limited purpose rather than as an ongoing enterprise. See Dolan v. Dolan, 107 Conn. 342, 349, 140 A. 745 (1928).

An agreement to share profits alone does not constitute a joint venture. See Wicks v. Knorr, 113 Conn. 449, 155 A. 816, 817 (1931). "Likewise, the mere sharing of an economic interest is not sufficient to form a joint venture, since there must be some evidence that the parties participate and have control over the enterprise." R.S. Silver Enterprises Co., Inc. v. Pascarella, 2010 WL 3259869 at *28 (Conn.Super.Ct. July 14, 2010) (quotation marks and citation omitted). "[M]any companies seek to cooperate with each other and reach agreements to implement such cooperation. However, most of these agreements do not create joint ventures. A joint venture represents more than `a simple contractual relationship.'" US Airways Grp., Inc. v. British Airways PLC, 989 F.Supp. 482, 493 (S.D.N.Y.1997) (citation omitted).8

2. Application

Defendants assert that RIDE's claims of breach of written and oral contract fail as a matter of law. Defendants argues that the plain language of the 1994 Agreement and the plaintiffs' conduct show that the parties never intended for the 1994 Agreement to cover the APS Product. Further, defendants argue that Phase Two, as outlined in the Agreement, did not occur because the joint venture was never formed. See Defendants' Memorandum of Law in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment on All Counts (Doc. No. 87-1) ("Defs.' Mem.") at 4-5, 8.

Plaintiffs acknowledge that the 50/50 profit-sharing arrangement was "a departure from the original plan to establish a separate joint venture company," Pls.' Opp. at 7, but argue that the "50/50 profit-sharing arrangement was consistent with the joint venture contemplated by Phase Two of the 1994 Agreement." Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § II, ¶ 34. Plaintiffs classify the 50/50 sharing of gross profits for the RIDE Product — over a period of 15 years — to be "[t]he most tangible evidence that the parties did establish a joint venture." Pls.' Opp. at 10.

The plain language of the 1994 Agreement does not contemplate a sharing of 50/50 gross profits of the RIDE Product, defined by the plaintiffs as "revenues minus out-of-pocket manufacturing costs but not allocated overhead." Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § II, ¶ 33. Rather, Phase Two of the 1994 Agreement contemplates a joint venture "owned 50% by RIDE and 50% by APS" which will "design, manufacture, market, and distribute the [¶ 1] products." Defs.' Ex. A at ¶ 6. Phase One of the 1994 Agreement provides that RIDE will receive 90% of the sales receipts and APS will retain 10% of the sales receipts, with RIDE "absorb[ing] all of the manufacturing and engineering costs." Id. at ¶ 5. The plaintiffs' primary basis for asserting that a joint venture exists between the parties is that the parties shared, on a 50/50 gross profits basis, proceeds from the RIDE Product; likewise, the plaintiffs argue that the defendants breached this joint venture by not paying them 50% of the gross profits from sales of the APS Product. See TAC at ¶¶ 82, 91, 94, 95, 97; Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § II ¶ 34. Neither of these bases rest upon the plain language of the 1994 Agreement alone and, as such, additional evidence regarding the terms of the parties' sharing of 50/50 gross profits, which is the essence of the joint venture as articulated by the plaintiffs, would be necessary for a jury to find a joint venture.

The only evidence offered to clarify how the 50/50 gross profits arrangement initially developed is found in Ide's deposition testimony, which describes the meeting where he and William Turner ("Bill," below) discussed the change from a 90/10 sharing of "sales receipts" to a 50/50 sharing of "gross profits":

Pls.' Ex. 30 ("Mar. 20 Ide Depo.") at 33:8-33:19.

Later, in the August 16, 1997 letter from Ide to Turner, Ide characterizes the act of sharing 50/50 gross profits with APS to be "a sign of `good faith,'" and, after listing additional costs that RIDE invested for design, engineering and development, concludes that, "[d]espite these good faith efforts, the joint venture has not been formed." Defs.' Ex. I at 1. The 1997 Letter goes on to state that, "Ride has made available to APS all of its' [sic] proprietary and patented information in the spirit of `good faith,' cooperation and the intent of forming a joint venture company," and that "APS has failed to honor its obligations; has used Ride, Inc. property to its own benefit and is misrepresenting itself to customers and vendors." Id. at 2. RIDE then makes a demand of APS to "refund the 50% gross profits paid to APS in "good faith" towards formation of the joint venture." Id. at 2. In his deposition testimony, Ide discusses his thoughts at the time of the 1997 letter:

Mar. 20 Ide Depo. at 157:3-157:25. After receiving the 1997 Letter, Turner called and subsequently met with Ide:

Id. at 146:9-147:11. Further, plaintiff Ide admits that:

Id. at 69:10-69:16 (emphasis added). When asked to clarify what he meant by "we functioned as a joint venture," Ide continued:

Id. at 69:24-70:13. When queried as to which specific losses they shared 50/50, Ide responded:

Id. at 70:15-70:24. Finally, Ide characterizes his relationship with Turner as a "partners[hip]"10 and "friends[hip]," rather than "a more formal business arrangement:"

Id. at 203:4-203:23. On May 9, 2011, Ide reiterated the above events, in summary form, when he emailed Turner after his son had returned from the trade show:

Defs.' Ex. J at 3.11

Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, neither the conduct described in the plaintiffs' testimony, nor the sharing of 50/50 gross profits for approximately 15 years on the RIDE Product, created a joint venture under Connecticut law between APS and RIDE, either under the 1994 Agreement or pursuant to an oral agreement. Where "the parties never reached a mutual understanding about such essential terms as the percentage of ownership, allocation of costs and profits, existence of guarantees, management structure, decision-making responsibility, and duration of the joint venture," a joint venture agreement cannot be formed. Realty Res. Chartered v. The HB Nitkin Grp., 2009 WL 2243695 at *9 (D.Conn. July 24, 2009).

The parties agree that the joint venture company, as contemplated in the 1994 Agreement, was never formed. See Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § I ¶ 12; Defs.' L.R. 56(a)1 Stmt. at ¶ 12. The deposition testimony, the documentary evidence, and Ide's Affidavit ("Ide Aff.") (Pls.' Ex. 28)12 provide no evidence that it was RIDE's intention to form an informal joint venture based on the 50/50 splitting of gross profits on the RIDE Product. Rather, the evidence plaintiffs present merely states, in a conclusory fashion, that the parties were functionally operating as a joint venture. See, e.g., Mar. 20 Ide Depo. at 157:3-157:25.

Joint ventures require a manifestation of intent by the parties for them to be associated as joint ventures: "[t]his manifestation of intent need not be explicit, but the parties must be clear that they intend to form a joint venture, which is a fiduciary relationship, and not a simple contract." Zeising v. Kelly, 152 F.Supp.2d 335, 348 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (an agreement manifesting the intent of the parties to form a joint venture "is crucial because a joint venture is a voluntary relationship, the origin of which is wholly ex contractu, i.e., it is not a status created from law.") (citations omitted). Rather than providing examples of the intention of the parties — or even of Ide — to form an informal joint venture, instead of a joint venture company under Phase Two of the 1994 Agreement, Ide provides merely that Turner "asked" to split gross profits 50/50 early in the relationship. Importantly, he has not come forward with evidence upon which a reasonable jury could rely to infer that this splitting of profits was understood and intended by the parties to provide the basis for a joint venture.

Further, Ide's 1997 Letter, which was sent after the 50/50 split of gross profits had begun, makes clear that Ide was not satisfied with the parties' current 50/50 split of gross profits — the same arrangement that he is now arguing is the basis for the joint venture. Defs.' Ex. I at 1-2. Indeed, no reasonable jury could conclude that a joint venture was constituted prior to the 1997 Letter, given Ide's own description of the situation: "[a]s a sign of `good faith' we began evenly splitting the gross profits prior to the $250,000 sales target in the expectation a joint venture would be formed.... Despite these good faith efforts, the joint venture has not been formed." Id. at 1-2 (emphasis added).

Subsequent to the 1997 Letter, plaintiffs argue that Ide's deposition testimony about the meeting between Ide and Turner demonstrates that "the parties resolved to continue their joint venture relationship." Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § I, ¶ 13. However, plaintiffs failed to provide evidence to support the intent of Ide to create a joint venture prior to the 1997 Letter, as discussed above, and do not proffer any evidence that the joint venture was created at this meeting. The mere fact that the parties met does not evidence creation or continuance of a joint venture relationship. A conclusory argument that the parties continued the joint venture13 does not suffice. "The pleading party cannot merely make conclusions of law without alleging facts which would bring the case within any of the recognized grounds for that particular cause of action." Del Greco Realty Co., Inc. v. Lamoureux, 39 Conn.Sup. 95, 98-99, 469 A.2d 1232 (1983) (citing Cavallo v. Derby Savings Bank, 188 Conn. 281, 283, 285, 449 A.2d 986 (1982)). At the summary judgment stage, plaintiffs must come forth with evidence.

Even assuming plaintiffs' evidence shows that Ide intended to enter an informal joint venture partnership with Turner and APS, plaintiffs still do not raise a material issue of fact with regard to the intentions of APS or Turner14 to form an informal joint venture, whether by an oral modification of the 1994 Agreement or an entirely different oral understanding. Rather, Ide states that, following the 1997 Letter, Turner told him, "Let's get back to work and keep it going. We're a good business, we're both making money on it, so let's continue." Pls.' Ex. 30 at 147. What, exactly, the parties are continuing is unclear, as the 1997 Letter claimed that Turner was in breach of the 1994 Agreement because no joint venture had been formed. Because the plaintiffs provide no evidence as to what understanding was developed between the parties at this meeting and, given Ide's recounting of Turner's desire to continue the status quo — which by Ide's own admission was not a joint venture — a reasonable jury could not find that Turner had ever had the intention to form a joint venture with Ide, let alone formed one.

Plaintiffs also argue that an internal business plan, dated April 15, 1995, "describ[ing] its relationship with RIDE as a `strategic alliance,'" Pls.' Opp. at 10, is evidence of the existence of a joint venture between the parties. The same business plan purportedly notes that APS formed strategic alliances with three companies, Pls.' Ex. 42 at 28, and that, "[f]or the development of the elastomeric suspension, the vibration isolation sub, and the elastomeric flex coupling it has partnered with RIDE, a company which specializes in designing with elastomers." Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § II, ¶ 35.15 However, this internal business plan was created in 1995, prior to the 1997 Letter in which Ide indicated to Turner and APS that they were in breach of the 1994 Agreement and that no joint venture had been formed.16 Further, representing oneself as in a "strategic alliance," and, even accompanied by Ide's deposition testimony which asserts that "we're partners," Mar. 20 Ide Depo. 203:14, 203:17, does not transform the relationship into a joint venture and is insufficient to raise an issue of material fact with regard to the required intent element of a joint venture. See Kosower v. Gutowitz, No. 00CIV.9011, 2001 WL 1488440, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 21, 2001) ("[C]alling an organization a partnership does not make it one") (citation omitted). An alliance does not make a joint venture. While it is possible that the parties' conduct modified the 1994 Agreement, or created an altogether different oral agreement, to create a joint venture, the evidence proffered by the plaintiffs, as discussed above, is insufficient to support a finding of the requisite intention to form a joint venture, even after taking the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.

In addition to failing to create a material issue of fact with regard to the intent element of a joint venture, plaintiffs also fail to come forward with any evidence from which a reasonable jury could find at least two other required elements of a joint venture: shared losses and joint control. In response to the defendants' argument that the plaintiffs failed to allege joint control and joint losses, the plaintiffs responded that defendants have not presented evidence showing a lack of these elements. Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § II, ¶ 38; see also Pls.' Opp. at 11 n. 9. Contrary to the plaintiffs' assertion, the defendants meet their burden on summary judgment by pointing out the absence of evidence with regard to the sharing of joint control, Fed.R.Civ.P. 56, but the plaintiffs have not met their burden under Rule 56 to come forward with some evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that joint control of the alleged joint venture exists. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e).

With regard to the sharing of losses, Ide, when asked about what losses the parties shared, could only provide the example of "scrapped units." Pls.' L.R. 56(a)2 Stmt. at § II, ¶ 38; Mar. 20 Ide Depo. 70:7-70:24. No evidence has been provided to support Ide's assertion that scrapped units would be considered losses,17 and the plaintiffs have not come forward with evidence showing that the parties either agreed to or actually did share losses.

Instructively, under New York law, two companies who maintained a business relationship for over thirteen years were found, on a summary judgment motion, not to have had a joint venture. Kidz Cloz, Inc. v. Officially for Kids, Inc., 320 F.Supp.2d 164, 175 (S.D.N.Y.2004). As in the present case, the parties had expressly considered, but did not, formalize their relationship into a separate company; they also spoke of themselves as partners. Id. at 172-74. The court in Kidz Cloz concluded that such actions did not constitute sufficient intent to form a joint venture partnership under the summary judgment standard because "no juror could conclude that [he] intended to enter into a fiduciary relationship with [her], or even that [she] believed [that he] intended to enter into such a relationship." Id. at 174 (citation omitted). The facts in this case are similar, as both parties agree that the joint venture company was not created and the plaintiffs have failed to raise a material issue of fact that would otherwise indicate another, less formal, joint venture than the one they initially contemplated. The internal business plan of this case pales in comparison to the business cards and representation to the industry that the parties in the Kidz Cloz case made. Id.

This court also concludes that the parties' agreement to share sales commissions — even if considered an agreement to share profits — would not meet the requisite element of agreeing to share joint profits and losses because the parties never discussed what would occur in the event of a loss. Id. at 174-75. In the present case, the plaintiffs have not come forward with sufficient evidence on which a reasonable jury could find that the sharing of losses was discussed, let alone agreed upon. Further, the plaintiffs have not provided evidence that their "loss" — the cost of scrapped products — can properly be considered a loss, in the sense that the joint venturers must agree upon sharing.

Overall, plaintiffs have failed to present evidence sufficient to raise a material issue of fact for three elements — intent, joint control and shared losses — which are required in order to constitute a joint venture under Connecticut law. Because the record lacks sufficient evidence to support even a bare claim that the parties entered a joint venture, either by written or oral contract, the plaintiffs' claims for breach of written contract and breach of oral contract — insofar as they rely on a joint venture — fail.

B. Breach of Fiduciary Duty and Accounting

Plaintiffs and defendants agree that the breach of fiduciary duty and accounting claims are based upon the existence of a joint venture relationship. Pls.' Opp. at 9; Defs.' Mem. at 16; see also Waterview Site Services, Inc. v. Pay Day, Inc., Nos. CV054004988S, CV065001330S, 2008 WL 4307871, at *5 (Super.Ct.Conn.2008). Given the court's conclusion that there are no material issues of fact and thus, as a matter of law, no such joint venture exists, the breach of fiduciary duty and accounting claims also fail.

C. Statute of Limitations

Alternatively, defendants have argued that, even if the plaintiffs survive summary judgment on the existence of a joint venture, the plaintiffs' claims fail because they are barred by the statute of limitations. The parties agree that plaintiffs' claims for breach of a written contract, breach of an oral contract, and accounting are all subject to the six-year statute of limitations under Conn. Gen.Stat. § 52-576(a). Pls.' Opp. at 23; Defs.' Mem. at 29-30. They also agree that the statute of limitations on CUTPA claims is three years under Conn. Gen.Stat. § 42-110g(f). Pl.'s Opp. at 24; Def.'s Mem. at 30.

1. Breach of Contract, Breach of Oral Agreement

Under Connecticut law, "[i]n an action for breach of contract such as is alleged in the present case, the cause of action is complete at the time the breach of contract occurs, that is, when the injury has been inflicted." Kennedy v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 135 Conn. 176, 180, 62 A.2d 771 (1948). Plaintiffs' alleged breach in this case is argued to be when APS made sales of the APS Product without sharing the profits with RIDE. TAC at ¶ 91. Ide, in his Affidavit, testifies that, "[u]ntil discovery in this litigation, I did not know that, beginning in 2003, APS had sold a flexible coupling that included a metal/rubber helix design almost identical to the RIDE Product to Gyrodata and other customers for use in a suspension." Ide Aff. at ¶ 7 (emphasis added). Under the six-year statute of limitations for contracts, a breach of contract claim seeking to recover for APS Products sales prior to November 7, 2005, would be untimely, as the plaintiffs filed this case on November 7, 2011. However, plaintiffs argue that the statute of limitations is tolled under the continuing course of conduct doctrine. Pls.' Opp. at 24-25.

Under Connecticut law,

Stuart v. Snyder, 125 Conn.App. 506, 510-11, 8 A.3d 1126 (2010) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

As discussed above, the plaintiffs have not shown that they are joint venture partners who owe a fiduciary duty to one another and, as such, they do not have a "special relationship" derived from a joint venture. Under Connecticut law, it is clear that a regular contractual relationship between business entities, such as the 1994 Agreement, does not create a special relationship. See OBG Technical Services, Inc. v. Northrop Grumman Space & Mission Systems Corp., 503 F.Supp.2d 490, 511 (D.Conn.2007).

Plaintiffs, instead, seek to rely on their characterization of the 1994 Agreement as a "continuing contract." Pls.' Opp. at 25. This argument also fails because the continuing course of conduct doctrine "has no application after the plaintiff discovered the harm." Rosato v. Mascardo, 82 Conn.App. 396, 405, 844 A.2d 893 (2004). The harm done need not have been known in its entirety to foreclose the applicability of this doctrine. See Intellivision v. Microsoft Corp., 784 F.Supp.2d 356, 371 (S.D.N.Y.2011) (applying Connecticut law) ("The plaintiffs confuse concealment of the extent of damage with concealment of the fact of damage; the latter may be grounds for tolling, but the former is not.").

When Ide sent the 1997 Letter to Turner, the plaintiffs acknowledged that "[they] believe[d] [APS] to have breached our written and verbal agreements" because they failed to create a joint venture company. Defs.' Ex. I at 1. The plaintiffs' failure to come forward with additional facts that would support a finding that the APS Product continued to be covered under the 1994 Agreement, particularly given the fact that Turner was a co-patentee of the '541 patent18 upon which the APS Product was based,19 necessitate that the remaining contract claims and all other claims deriving from the applicability of the 1994 Agreement fail.

2. Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

Defendants argue that "[t]he absence of either a written or oral contract is also fatal to Plaintiff's breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing claims in Count IV, which can only be based on the existence of a contract." Defs.' Mem. at 15-16. Plaintiffs argue that:

Plaintiffs also argue that there is a six-year statute of limitations on a breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing claim. Pls.' Opp. at 24 (citing Bellemare v. Wachovia Mortg. Corp., 94 Conn.App. 593, 610, 894 A.2d 335 (2006)). Defendants argue that there is no clear-cut authority as to whether a three-year or a six-year statute of limitations applies. Defs.' Mem. at 29-30 (citing Cornerstone Realty, Inc. v. Dresser Rand Co., 993 F.Supp. 107, 110 n. 2 (D.Conn.1998)). Even assuming plaintiffs' view of the law is correct, the plaintiffs' claim is time-barred.

In response to the evidence that suggests that the pertinent facts underlying the plaintiffs' claims occurred during the period 1997 through 2003, see Defs.' Mem. at 31-32, plaintiffs argue that the continuing course of conduct doctrine applies to this claim and that the 1994 Agreement, having never been terminated, is in continuous operation. Pls.' Opp. at 25. The court has concluded that there is no continuing duty based on the alleged joint venture relationship between the parties. The court also concluded that any breach that derives from the 1994 Agreement similarly fails because the plaintiffs' knew of the breach in 1997.

Therefore, even using the longer limitations period, the plaintiffs' claim of breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is barred by the statute of limitations.

3. CUTPA

Plaintiffs indicate that their CUTPA claim relies on the statute of limitations being tolled under the continuing course of conduct doctrine.20 The court has concluded that there was no special relationship between the parties based on a joint venture relationship.21 The plaintiffs have not raised any other argument as to why their CUTPA claims toll under the continuing course of conduct doctrine. Therefore, the court concludes that the plaintiffs' CUTPA claims are barred by the statute of limitations.22

D. Unjust Enrichment

The only remaining claim upon which relief could be granted23 is based on plaintiffs' argument that, "if Defendants are found not to have had a joint venture relationship with Ide and RIDE, then Defendants have been unjustly enriched by having obtained 50% of gross profits on the sale of the RIDE Product from 1996 — 2009, as opposed to a 10% commission." TAC at ¶ 124.

Defendants argue that, under either a three-year or a six-year statute of limitations, the plaintiffs' claim is untimely. Defs.' Mem. at 29-30. Under Connecticut law,

Plaintiffs argue that the defendants' benefit is the receipt by the defendants of 50/50 gross profits from the sale of the RIDE Product, as compared to a 10% commission. TAC ¶ 124. The plaintiffs have stated that they changed the sales revenue arrangement, upon Turner's request, from a 10% commission to 50/50 gross profits. Mar. 20 Ide Dep. 33:8-33:19. They have also alleged that, "[a]s a sign of "good faith" we began evenly splitting the gross profits prior to the $250,000 sales target in the expectation a joint venture would be formed...." Defs.' Ex. I at 1-2.

In the 1997 Letter, Ide asked for a refund of the surplus percentage that APS had been paid: "APS is required to refund the 50% gross profits paid to APS in `good faith' towards formation of the joint venture. We believe our obligation should be limited to a 10% sales commission." Id. at 2. The plaintiffs, at this point, apparently considered taking legal action, but did not.24 Id. Instead of taking legal action on the 1994 Agreement, or on modifications thereof as the basis for obtaining relief, Ide met with Turner, who stated that they should continue the business and, subsequently, they continued to split the gross profits with APS on a 50/50 basis until the RIDE Product sales ended in 2009. In 2011, the plaintiffs asked for the exact damages they sought in the 1997 Letter.

Fourteen years after Ide sent the 1997 Letter, Ide emailed Turner and characterized their relationship as follows:

Defs.' Ex. J at 3. The plaintiffs have not come forward with any additional evidence as to the factual circumstances surrounding the 50/50 split of the RIDE Product's proceeds but, rather, the plaintiffs reiterated that the 50/50 gross profits split was agreed to in anticipation of a joint venture that "was never formalized." Id. at 3

While the court cannot be sure that plaintiffs' claim would have been successful if brought under a breach of the 1994 Agreement given Ide's conduct,25 the court concludes that the claim is essentially based in contract, and seeks relief which has not changed since 1997.26 See Rosenberg v. Langdon, No. CV064018350, 2009 WL 4682065, at *6 (Conn.Super.Ct. Aug. 11, 2009) (holding that a plaintiff's unjust enrichment claim failed on summary judgment because it would be decided using the same standards as the contract claim which was dismissed on statute of limitations grounds). It is this court's conclusion that this claim also fails.

However, the existence of a contract does not preclude equitable relief, so long as it is not inconsistent with the contract. Town of New Hartford v. CRRA, 291 Conn. 433, 455, 970 A.2d 592 (2009). Further,

Dunham v. Dunham, 204 Conn. 303, 326-27, 528 A.2d 1123 (1987) (citations omitted). While not obliged to adhere to the statute of limitations in connection with the unjust enrichment claim, this court has nothing before it that would cause it to ignore that statute of limitations, or, put another way, to recognize a claim plaintiffs failed to pursue for fourteen years. The plaintiffs here entered into a contract, which was then modified, with no objection, for many years. Plaintiffs complained of the defendants' conduct in the 1997 letter, a complaint which is essentially equivalent to their claims in this case, filed in 2011. After sending their 1997 letter, the plaintiffs did nothing to signal their discontent with their arrangement (or lack of one) with the defendants. Even though this court has discretion to award relief in equity despite the statute of limitations, it chooses not to. There is nothing before the court which would incline it to that conclusion.

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on All Counts (Doc. No. 87) is GRANTED, The plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (Doc. No. 85) is GRANTED absent objection (Doc. No. 101).

SO ORDERED.